During the late Ice Age, massive floods tore across North America—reshaping rivers, enlarging valleys, and pouring billions of tons of water and sediment into the oceans. These weren’t just local disasters—they rewired entire drainage systems like the Mississippi, Yukon, and Columbia. The evidence is everywhere—if you know how to read the land. | The Randall Carlson

At the end of the Ice Age, North America was a Serengeti on steroids—mammoths, giant camels, ground sloths the size of elephants. And then, almost overnight in geologic terms, they were gone. An extinction that reshaped the continent forever. What force was powerful enough to wipe out so much life, so fast? | The Randall Carlson