Python 2 and Python 3, the two versions of the programming language in widespread use, include a function called shuffle that can randomize a list or another sequence of data.

When you try to call list ('123'), Python thinks you're trying to call your own list, not the built-in function. So, always use descriptive names that don’t clash with Python's core features.

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Take advantage of caching and the lru_cache decorator to relieve your Python functions from repetitive heavy lifting.

In order to store key-value pairs in Python, you can use the dictionary data structure. The dictionary functions in a similar fashion to the Python list, in that it is a collection of data.