A random variable is one whose value is unknown or a function that assigns values to each of an experiment’s outcomes. A random variable can be discrete or continuous.

During one of the tests, after the 15-minute mark, they were given two capsules and told they were “designed to enhance cognitive (mental) function” during exercise.

This paper is concerned with the determination of tight lower and upper bounds on the expectation of a convex function of a random variable. The classic bounds are those of Jensen and ...